Rubato is a musical term referring to an intentional alteration of tempo in performance, which can result in a flexible and expressive interpretation of music. This technique originated during the 17th century and has been a significant part of musical history ever since. The word "rubato" originates from the Italian phrase “a rubare” meaning "to steal," suggesting that the performer is taking some liberty with the tempo.
Etymology
Rubato, while rooted in Italian, was adopted by composers across Europe and has become a crucial part of music's expressive vocabulary. The term itself derives from its use in practice: the composer, seeking to express a specific emotion or nuance within a piece, would intentionally alter the speed at which they played it.
The precise meaning of rubato remains debated among musicologists, with some viewing the term as an indication of musical freedom and others seeing it as a form of "stolen time."
Romantic Practice
Rubato was particularly prominent in the Romantic period. Composers like Franz Liszt and Johannes Brahms embraced this technique to create emotionally charged performances. While rubato is not necessarily limited to certain periods or genres, its use in the Romantic era became synonymous with expressive music. However, it's vital to note that the interpretation of rubato has been subject to evolution across time.
Chopin's Approach
Chopin, a renowned pianist and composer from the Romantic period, was known for his masterful use of rubato. His compositions often feature nuanced tempos and subtle variations in tempo, creating a dynamic and emotionally charged sound. A well-known example is his Nocturnes, where rubato allows for greater emotional expression within each piece.
Notation and Restraint
Rubato can be challenging to interpret or implement due to the lack of clear notation guidelines. While there are theoretical concepts surrounding rubato, its actual application in performance remains a matter of subjective interpretation. The degree of freedom granted by rubato is often dependent upon the individual performer's skill and artistic expression.
Common Misuses
The term "rubato" can be misused or misunderstood. It is important to remember that rubato is not merely about speeding up or slowing down music arbitrarily, but rather about creating a more nuanced and expressive performance. Rubato should enhance the musical experience, not simply create an illusion of faster tempo by playing louder or softer.